Sains Malaysiana 53(7)(2024): 1631-1643

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5307-12

Imobilisasi Nanozarah Ag/TiO₂ Ekstrak Beko pada Membran Fotomangkin

Poliakrilonitril(PAN) untuk Penyingkiran Pewarna Metilena Biru

 (Immobilization of Ag/TiO₂ Nanoparticles of Beko Extract on Photocatalytic Membranes Polyacrylonitrile(PAN) for Methylene Blue Dye Removal)

RIZAFIZAH OTHAMAN^1,2,*, SHARIFAH EDEYATUL QHUSRAH SYED OTHMAN¹, NAZWA JON^1,3, ZAITUN GHAZALI⁴, MOHD FIRDAUS MOHD YUSOFF¹ & DIYANA KAMARUDIN^1,2

¹Jabatan Sains Kimia, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

²Polymer Research Centre (PORCE), Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

³Fakulti Sains Gunaan, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Perak Kampus Tapah,

35400 Jalan Tapah, Perak, Malaysia

⁴Institute of Teacher Education, Technical Education Campus, Bandar Enstek, 71760 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

Received: 4 April 2024/Accepted: 1 June 2024

Abstrak

Kewujudan pewarna metilena biru (MB) dalam persekitaran akuatik merupakan satu ancaman alam sekitar yang menjadi isu di seluruh dunia. Struktur aromatik yang kompleks, sifat hidrofilik dan kestabilan MB menjadikannya sukar untuk disingkirkan menggunakan proses rawatan air konvensional. Kaedah fotomangkin menggunakan nanozarah TiO₂ dan ZnO₂ dapat mendegradasikan MB. Namun, kelemahan TiO₂ sebagai fotomangkin ialah jurang jalur tenaga yang besar, memerlukan tenaga yang tinggi seperti sinaran ultra, penggabungan semula pasangan lubang elektron yang menyebabkan fotoaktiviti berkurang dan sukar digunakan dalam bentuk serbuk. Dalam kajian ini, nanozarah TiO₂ diubah suai dengan argentum, Ag dan dipegunkan ke atas membran poliakrilonitril (PAN) untuk merawat MB. Fotomangkin Ag/TiO₂ disintesis melalui kaedah sintesis hijau menggunakan ekstrak daun Beko (Oroxylum indicum) yang berfungsi sebagai agen penurunan dan penstabil. Fotomangkin yang terhasil dipegunkan pada permukaan membran PAN dengan kaedah penyalutan celupan dalam kepekatan larutan yang berbeza (0.2, 0.6 dan 1.0 g/L). Kesan penambahan fotomangkin Ag/TiO₂ kepada sifat fizikokimia dan morfologi membran dicirikan. Kecekapan fotodegradasi sampel membran dinilai melalui fotodegradasi MB dalam keadaan optimum di bawah sinaran cahaya tampak. Difraktogram XRD menunjukkan struktur nanozarah TiO₂ adalah dalam fasa anatas bersesuaian sebagai fotomangkin. Membran PAN yang dicelup dalam larutan Ag/TiO₂ berkepekatan 1.0 g/L menunjukkan peratusan fotodegradasi MB yang paling tinggi sebanyak 74.52% dengan jurang jalur tenaga membran sebanyak 2.19 eV. Dapat disimpulkan bahawa membran PAN disalut Ag/TiO₂ merupakan salah satu pendekatan yang berkesan bagi menyingkirkan MB di bawah cahaya tampak. Kajian ini dapat menyumbang kepada teknologi rawatan air pada masa hadapan disebabkan kaedah sintesis yang mesra alam dan rawatan air yang lebih berkesan.

Kata kunci: Ag/TiO₂; ekstrak daun Beko; fotodegradasi; membran fotomangkin; metilena biru

Abstract

The presence of methylene blue (MB) dye in aquatic environments poses an environmental threat that has become a global issue. The complex aromatic structure, hydrophilic properties, and stability of MB make it difficult to remove using conventional water treatment processes. Photocatalytic methods using nanoparticles like TiO₂ and ZnO₂ can degrade MB. However, the drawbacks of TiO₂ as a photocatalyst include a large energy band gap requiring high energy such as ultraviolet radiation, the recombination of electron-hole pairs leading to reduced photoactivity, and the difficulty in using it in powder form. In this study, TiO₂ nanoparticles were modified with silver (Ag) and immobilized onto a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane to treat MB under visible light. The Ag/TiO₂ photocatalyst was synthesized through a green synthesis method using Beko leaf (Oroxylum indicum) extract, which acts as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The resulting photocatalyst was immobilized on the surface of the PAN membrane using a dip-coating method at different solution concentrations (0.2, 0.6, and 1.0 g/L). The effects of adding Ag/TiO₂ photocatalyst on the physicochemical properties and morphology of the membrane were characterized. The efficiency of degrading MB samples was evaluated through the photodegradation of MB dye under optimal conditions under visible light. XRD diffractogram indicated that the TiO₂ nanoparticle structure was in the anatase phase and suitable as a photocatalyst. PAN membrane dipped in 1.0 g/L Ag/TiO₂ solution showed the highest MB photodegradation percentage of 74.52% with a membrane band gap energy of 2.19 eV. It can be concluded that Ag/TiO₂-coated PAN membrane is an effective approach for removing MB under visible light. This study contributes to future water treatment technology due to its environmentally friendly synthesis method and more effective water treatment.

Keywords: Ag/TiO₂; Beko leaves extract; methylene blue; photocatalytic membrane; photodegradation

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*Corresponding author; email: rizafizah@ukm.edu.my